My 20 Annotated Bibliographies for National History Day

January 14, 2008 Vondell Saunders

Social Studies

Annotated Bibliography

1. Runcie, John. ""HUNTING THE NIGS" IN PHILADELPHIA:." www.goggle.com. 23 Oct. 1953. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document was mostly about a certain specific riot taking place in 1834.

2. Baulch, Vivian M., and Patricia Zacharias. "The 1943 Detroit Race Riots." Detnews.Com. June 1941. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This source was about a racial riot taking place in Detroit in 1943

3. O'brien, Ellen, and Lyle Benedict. "1966-1977: Riots." Chicago Public Library. 03 1997. 14 Jan. 2008 .

This document is about a riot happening between 1966 and 1977.White mobs protesting outside black residents homes.

4. Harris, Leslie M. "The New York City Draft Riots of 1863." African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. 2003. The University of Chicago Press. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about a riot taking place in New York dealing with the drafts happening between 1626 and 1863

5. Jimenez, Carlos M. "Suavecito Apparel Company." Suavecito Apparel Company. 21 June 1943. Time Magazine. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about various riots taking place.

6. Shields, Jacqueline. "Arab Riots of the 1920’S." Jewish Virtual Library. 2005. Jewish Virtual Library. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about riots taking place in the 1900's dealing with the Aribs

7. Gibson, Robert A. "The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950." Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 1979. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about a riot taking place in 1979 having to do with a Negro Holocaust. In that riot there were a series of lynching to African American people taking place in the riot.

8. Wright, Lionel. "The Stonewall Riots - 1969." July 1999. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about a riot taking place in 1969 dealing with a 21 year old student being killed.

9. Dvorak, John C. "Patent Riots of 2003." PCMAG.Com. 2003. PC Magazine. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about a strong protest movement that has begun in Europe regarding software patents.

10. Newman, Scott A. "The Chicago Race Riot of 1919." Jazz Age Chicago. 3 Nov. 2001. Chicago Commission on Race Relations. 14 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about i riot taking place in 1919.A African-American youth named Eugene Williams, while swimming with friends in Lake Michigan near 29th Street, strayed into an area informally reserved for the exclusive use of white bathers. For this, Williams was pelted with stones by an unruly group of young white men and soon drowned.

11. Madala, Deepak, Jennifer Jordan, and August Appleton. "The Springfield Race Riot of 1908." Think Quest. 1999. Oracle Education Foundation. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about a riot taking place in Springfield in 1908.The southern blacks emigrants and new European immigrants vied with white workers for factory and coal mining jobs. Blacks were, in some instances, brought in as scabs (replacements for striking laborers). Springfield had the largest percentage of blacks of any comparable city in Illinois. This fierce competition for jobs created an enormous amount of strife between the established white population and the new influx of blacks.

12. Mixon, Gregory, and Clifford Kuhn. "Atlanta Race Riot of 1906." The New Georgia Encyclopidia. 23 Aug. 2005. University of North Carolina. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about a riot taking place in Atlanta in 1906.This race riot that occurred September 22-24, 1906, white mobs killed dozens of blacks, wounded scores of others, and inflicted considerable property damage.

13. Kennedy, Les, Damien Murphy, Malcolm Brown, and Tim Colquhoun. "Race Riots Spread to Suburbs." Smh.Comau. 12 Dec. 2005. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about a racial riot taking place in Sydney in 2005.Violence erupted in several Sydney suburbs.

14. Bricklong, Ronald, Jacob Armstrong, and Eddy Stickler. "Gangs and the 1919 Chicago Race Riot." 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document was about racial riots, and gangs contributing the drama of it.From July 27 to August 2, 1919, a race riot broke out in Chicago. When it was over thirty-eight people were dead, 537 injured and about 1000 rendered homeless.

15. Arcibold, Randal C. "Racial Hate Feeds a Gang War’S Senseless Killing." New York Times. 17 Jan. 2007. Ameriprise Financial. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about Gangs creating violence.

16. Williams, Lee E., and Lee E. Williams The Second. "Race Riot in Elaine, Arkansas!" The African American Registry. 1972. The University and College Press of Mississippi. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about a race riot breaking out in Elaine, Arkansas in the Phillips County between black people and white people.

17. Toonari. "Detroit Riot of 1967." Africanaonline. 21 June 2005. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document was about a riot taking place in 1967 in Detroit.On the morning of July 23, 1967, Detroit police raided an illegal black drinking establishment on 12th Street, handcuffed its patrons and forced them outside.

18. Howe, Darcus. "These are Real Race Riots, the First Since the 1950s." New Statesman. 04 June 2001. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about various riots taking place in the 1950's.

19. Meynell, Richard B. "Remembering the Watsonville Riots." Model Minority. 02 Dec. 2001. Asian American Empowerment. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about anti-Asian riots taking place in 1929.1929 marked the beginning of one of the worst episodes of anti-Asian American mob violence in our nation's history, the Watsonville Riots. In this article, Richard Meynell explores the racist roots and continuing relevance of these tragic events.

20. Nuechterlein, James. "Remembering the Riots." 13 July 2002. 15 Jan. 2008 .

Annotation: This document is about racial riots taking place in the 1960's.The riot began early in the morning of Sunday, July 23, 1967, when the police raided an illegal bar in the inner city. A crowd gathered in protest, and within a short time mobs of young men were engaged in burning, looting, and acts of random violence.

Blacks and Mexicans riot each other

High School Rioting

New York City Police against african americans

Racial Riot in Cincinatti

Bibliography

McWilliams, John C. ""MEN OF COLOUR": RACE, RIOTS, AND BLACK FIREFIGHTERS' STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY FROM THE AFA TO THE VALIANTS." Journal of High Society 41 (2007). 8 Jan. 2008

Dorsey, Bruce. "A Gendered History of African Colonization in the Antebellum United States." Journal of High Society ns (2000): 1-29. 8 Jan. 2008 .

An article about a racial riot dealing with african american firefighters

"MEN OF COLOUR": RACE, RIOTS, AND BLACK FIREFIGHTERS' STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY FROM THE AFA TO THE VALIANTS

By John C. McWilliams

Pennsylvania State University, DuBois

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Fire! Few exclamations instinctively instill an intense, visceral reaction that conjures up terrifying images of one's home engulfed in flames, families left homeless, or worse, the loss of life. Benjamin Franklin recognized this potential danger in 1735, when he declared fire "the fiercest enemy of property" in his Pennsylvania Gazette. Subsequent articles calling for the creation of a volunteer fire association resulted in the formation of the Union Fire Company, whose members were some of the most prominent men in Philadelphia, including signers of the Declaration of Independence. Since then, firefighters have been providing an often overlooked but invaluable public service, perpetuated partly by tradition, but mostly of necessity. What began as an early urban reform experiment rapidly evolved into an indispensable local "first responder" agency that has remained a basic institution for more than 250 years.1	1
A fire company is a unique organization. A deeply rooted social function, fire fighting provides scholars with view of human interactions through the lens of the community. Influenced by changing technology, local politics, and fluctuating demographic patterns, the fire company serves as a cross-section of American society. Fire companies, like other institutions, were also shaped by social mores predicated on ethnicity, and, throughout most of its history, race, a salient factor in the recruitment, structure and evolution of fire fighting.	2
Perhaps even more explicitly than the civil rights movement, the fire company provides us with a valuable "bottom up" perspective on the imperfections of race relations over the past two centuries. Civil rights leaders were committed to achieving racial equality by securing the right to vote and equal access to housing, employment, and education, all essential "quality-of-life" opportunities, to be sure. But the firefighters' world—especially the non-white firefighters' world—was a different and more intense experience. They lived together, ate together, and, of course, fought fires together, where they depended on each other. Voting and integration were not irrelevant issues for these defenders of life and property, but they were secondary to their job performance, which was literally, always, a matter of life and death.	3
As an effort to achieve racial equality, the experience of black firefighters is, in a real sense, a history within a history. The emergence of volunteer fire companies and the attempts of black citizens either to establish their own fire company or to integrate the white companies functions as a microcosm of the city's—and the nation's—history that parallels the larger, protracted national struggle for racial equality.2	4
More than a subordinate subplot to the civil rights movement, the black firefighters' struggle was a legitimate push for social recognition by disenfranchised, "ordinary" men who desired to assume a basic civic duty—to defend their homes and families.	5
The high esteem fire companies enjoyed in Franklin's day—perhaps similar to that of citizen soldiers—diminished as volunteer firemen who previously met in public halls began to convene in engine houses where they competed primarily with the neighborhood pubs for new recruits. Rivalries developed among the newer companies so fierce that fighting—even when they responded to an alarm—was a common, if not expected occurrence. By the 1820s, and continuing through the 1830s, the ranks of the fire companies had begun to change. An influx of immigrants and free blacks engendered a heightened sense of nativism among residents encouraged a stronger sense of ethnic identity. Because there was also more frequent violent behavior resulting from recruiting members of street gangs, fewer citizen firefighters came from the middle class. Fighting fires had become an established homogeneous, white-dominated institution.	6
Philadelphia's rich colonial and revolutionary heritage and the city's experiences with nativism and racism in the antebellum period are well documented. Less known, however, in scholarly examinations of antebellum Philadelphia is the struggle of several black citizens to provide their own fire protection during one of the more violent and nativistic eras in the city's history. Fire companies are noted in several of the early histories of Philadelphia and in more recent studies, but the focus is on white firefighters. Consequently, the black firefighters' "challenge from below" has been largely neglected. Establishing a black, autonomous fire company challenged long-standing attitudes about race that resulted in dramatic social and political repercussions.	7
The attempt to compete with white fire companies in antebellum Philadelphia and later to join the city's paid fire department suggests much about the white power structure in Philadelphia and civic integration from the early 1800s through the twentieth century. If it is true that a society represents the cumulative experiences of its history, the experience of Philadelphia's black firefighters merits scholarly examination because it is a notable if obscure episode reflecting cultural influences and the social dynamics of race relations in private behavior, spacial isolation, and institutional practices in a city that simultaneously earned renown as a stop on the underground railroad as it has become synonymous with Americans' most cherished ideals of freedom, liberty, and equality.	8
Pennsylvania may have been a tolerant, pluralistic society offering ethnic and religious diversity, but it did not extend the same rights to its black citizens, who were concentrated in Philadelphia. In 1725 the General Assembly passed legislation stipulating that "If any free negroe, fit to work shall neglect so to do and loiter and misspend his or her time ... any two Magistrates are impowered and required to bind out to service, such negroe, from year to year." According to Gary B. Nash, the racial animus that characterized antebellum Philadelphia was fueled by a "Negrophobia preached from the middle and the top." The abolitionists' influence in the city notwithstanding, no publisher in Philadelphia was willing to put his imprimatur on the controversial Uncle Tom's Cabin, and one foreign traveler observed that "Colorphobia is more rampant here than in the pro-slavery, negro-hating city of New York."3	9
In reality, firefighting in Philadelphia was a whites-only world. Even after the city hired its first black fireman in 1886, the department remained virtually segregated through more than half the twentieth century. The Jacksonian notion in the antebellum period of the common man participating in the democratic process largely excluded black Americans.

National History Day Topic

January 3, 2008                                                                     Vondell Saunders

Essay about NHD

This year for National History Day I will be focusing on racial issues in Philadelphia during the 1800’s before the civil war. One of the most important issues in the 1800’s dealing with race issues im focusing on would be the rioting. There were many riots that took place during that time period. I will be focusing on the major riots happening in Philadelphia in 1834.
I chose this topic because it was interesting to me about the riots that took place. Even though slavery was abolished there was still anger about it being abolished. It will be interesting to learn about what my ancestors did and had to go through. I wasn’t aware there were racial issues in the city of so call brotherly love.
I think by doing this project I will learn about the racial history in Philadelphia. Many think that just because this is the city of brotherly love there was always peace and equality. Doing this project I hope to differ that though roaming in most of black Americas minds. I want to bring the truth out of what realy happened in the early and mid 1800’s in the streets of Philadelphia

School Religion

I don't think any religion should be taught in school because I think it should be up to the child or there parents on what religion they want to practice.In school only education should be taught. Religion should be only taught at home or certain biblical studies. If you only focus on one religion in school there will always be an issue with a child in the class not being aloud to learn about that certain religion. America alone is the country that has the most variety of religions in the world. Narrowing only one religion taught in public schools where kids all around a city attend would cause chaos for not only the school district but the teachers in the classroom. Teaching one religion in school would be a bad idea on the parts of the school district